Integrand size = 13, antiderivative size = 195 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^4 \left (a+c x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {1}{3 a x^3}+\frac {c^{3/4} \arctan \left (1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}-\frac {c^{3/4} \arctan \left (1+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}+\frac {c^{3/4} \log \left (\sqrt {a}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}-\frac {c^{3/4} \log \left (\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}} \]
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Time = 0.09 (sec) , antiderivative size = 195, normalized size of antiderivative = 1.00, number of steps used = 10, number of rules used = 7, \(\frac {\text {number of rules}}{\text {integrand size}}\) = 0.538, Rules used = {331, 217, 1179, 642, 1176, 631, 210} \[ \int \frac {1}{x^4 \left (a+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\frac {c^{3/4} \arctan \left (1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}-\frac {c^{3/4} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}+1\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}+\frac {c^{3/4} \log \left (-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}-\frac {c^{3/4} \log \left (\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}-\frac {1}{3 a x^3} \]
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Rule 210
Rule 217
Rule 331
Rule 631
Rule 642
Rule 1176
Rule 1179
Rubi steps \begin{align*} \text {integral}& = -\frac {1}{3 a x^3}-\frac {c \int \frac {1}{a+c x^4} \, dx}{a} \\ & = -\frac {1}{3 a x^3}-\frac {c \int \frac {\sqrt {a}-\sqrt {c} x^2}{a+c x^4} \, dx}{2 a^{3/2}}-\frac {c \int \frac {\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {c} x^2}{a+c x^4} \, dx}{2 a^{3/2}} \\ & = -\frac {1}{3 a x^3}-\frac {\sqrt {c} \int \frac {1}{\frac {\sqrt {a}}{\sqrt {c}}-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} x}{\sqrt [4]{c}}+x^2} \, dx}{4 a^{3/2}}-\frac {\sqrt {c} \int \frac {1}{\frac {\sqrt {a}}{\sqrt {c}}+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} x}{\sqrt [4]{c}}+x^2} \, dx}{4 a^{3/2}}+\frac {c^{3/4} \int \frac {\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a}}{\sqrt [4]{c}}+2 x}{-\frac {\sqrt {a}}{\sqrt {c}}-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} x}{\sqrt [4]{c}}-x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}+\frac {c^{3/4} \int \frac {\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a}}{\sqrt [4]{c}}-2 x}{-\frac {\sqrt {a}}{\sqrt {c}}+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} x}{\sqrt [4]{c}}-x^2} \, dx}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}} \\ & = -\frac {1}{3 a x^3}+\frac {c^{3/4} \log \left (\sqrt {a}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}-\frac {c^{3/4} \log \left (\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}-\frac {c^{3/4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}+\frac {c^{3/4} \text {Subst}\left (\int \frac {1}{-1-x^2} \, dx,x,1+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}} \\ & = -\frac {1}{3 a x^3}+\frac {c^{3/4} \tan ^{-1}\left (1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}-\frac {c^{3/4} \tan ^{-1}\left (1+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )}{2 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}+\frac {c^{3/4} \log \left (\sqrt {a}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}}-\frac {c^{3/4} \log \left (\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{4 \sqrt {2} a^{7/4}} \\ \end{align*}
Time = 0.02 (sec) , antiderivative size = 188, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.96 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^4 \left (a+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\frac {-8 a^{3/4}+6 \sqrt {2} c^{3/4} x^3 \arctan \left (1-\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )-6 \sqrt {2} c^{3/4} x^3 \arctan \left (1+\frac {\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{c} x}{\sqrt [4]{a}}\right )+3 \sqrt {2} c^{3/4} x^3 \log \left (\sqrt {a}-\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )-3 \sqrt {2} c^{3/4} x^3 \log \left (\sqrt {a}+\sqrt {2} \sqrt [4]{a} \sqrt [4]{c} x+\sqrt {c} x^2\right )}{24 a^{7/4} x^3} \]
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Result contains higher order function than in optimal. Order 9 vs. order 3.
Time = 4.05 (sec) , antiderivative size = 56, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.29
method | result | size |
risch | \(-\frac {1}{3 a \,x^{3}}+\frac {\left (\munderset {\textit {\_R} =\operatorname {RootOf}\left (a^{7} \textit {\_Z}^{4}+c^{3}\right )}{\sum }\textit {\_R} \ln \left (\left (-5 \textit {\_R}^{4} a^{7}-4 c^{3}\right ) x -a^{2} c^{2} \textit {\_R} \right )\right )}{4}\) | \(56\) |
default | \(-\frac {1}{3 a \,x^{3}}-\frac {c \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \sqrt {2}\, \left (\ln \left (\frac {x^{2}+\left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} x \sqrt {2}+\sqrt {\frac {a}{c}}}{x^{2}-\left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} x \sqrt {2}+\sqrt {\frac {a}{c}}}\right )+2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2}\, x}{\left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}+1\right )+2 \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2}\, x}{\left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}-1\right )\right )}{8 a^{2}}\) | \(112\) |
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Result contains complex when optimal does not.
Time = 0.26 (sec) , antiderivative size = 153, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.78 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^4 \left (a+c x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {3 \, a x^{3} \left (-\frac {c^{3}}{a^{7}}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (a^{2} \left (-\frac {c^{3}}{a^{7}}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + c x\right ) + 3 i \, a x^{3} \left (-\frac {c^{3}}{a^{7}}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (i \, a^{2} \left (-\frac {c^{3}}{a^{7}}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + c x\right ) - 3 i \, a x^{3} \left (-\frac {c^{3}}{a^{7}}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (-i \, a^{2} \left (-\frac {c^{3}}{a^{7}}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + c x\right ) - 3 \, a x^{3} \left (-\frac {c^{3}}{a^{7}}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (-a^{2} \left (-\frac {c^{3}}{a^{7}}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + c x\right ) + 4}{12 \, a x^{3}} \]
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Time = 0.12 (sec) , antiderivative size = 32, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.16 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^4 \left (a+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\operatorname {RootSum} {\left (256 t^{4} a^{7} + c^{3}, \left ( t \mapsto t \log {\left (- \frac {4 t a^{2}}{c} + x \right )} \right )\right )} - \frac {1}{3 a x^{3}} \]
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Time = 0.29 (sec) , antiderivative size = 184, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.94 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^4 \left (a+c x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\frac {2 \, \sqrt {2} c \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, \sqrt {c} x + \sqrt {2} a^{\frac {1}{4}} c^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}}{2 \, \sqrt {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {c}}}\right )}{\sqrt {a} \sqrt {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {c}}} + \frac {2 \, \sqrt {2} c \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, \sqrt {c} x - \sqrt {2} a^{\frac {1}{4}} c^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}}{2 \, \sqrt {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {c}}}\right )}{\sqrt {a} \sqrt {\sqrt {a} \sqrt {c}}} + \frac {\sqrt {2} c^{\frac {3}{4}} \log \left (\sqrt {c} x^{2} + \sqrt {2} a^{\frac {1}{4}} c^{\frac {1}{4}} x + \sqrt {a}\right )}{a^{\frac {3}{4}}} - \frac {\sqrt {2} c^{\frac {3}{4}} \log \left (\sqrt {c} x^{2} - \sqrt {2} a^{\frac {1}{4}} c^{\frac {1}{4}} x + \sqrt {a}\right )}{a^{\frac {3}{4}}}}{8 \, a} - \frac {1}{3 \, a x^{3}} \]
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Time = 0.28 (sec) , antiderivative size = 175, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.90 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^4 \left (a+c x^4\right )} \, dx=-\frac {\sqrt {2} \left (a c^{3}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x + \sqrt {2} \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}}{2 \, \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}\right )}{4 \, a^{2}} - \frac {\sqrt {2} \left (a c^{3}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \arctan \left (\frac {\sqrt {2} {\left (2 \, x - \sqrt {2} \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}\right )}}{2 \, \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}}}\right )}{4 \, a^{2}} - \frac {\sqrt {2} \left (a c^{3}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (x^{2} + \sqrt {2} x \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + \sqrt {\frac {a}{c}}\right )}{8 \, a^{2}} + \frac {\sqrt {2} \left (a c^{3}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} \log \left (x^{2} - \sqrt {2} x \left (\frac {a}{c}\right )^{\frac {1}{4}} + \sqrt {\frac {a}{c}}\right )}{8 \, a^{2}} - \frac {1}{3 \, a x^{3}} \]
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Time = 0.11 (sec) , antiderivative size = 51, normalized size of antiderivative = 0.26 \[ \int \frac {1}{x^4 \left (a+c x^4\right )} \, dx=\frac {{\left (-c\right )}^{3/4}\,\mathrm {atan}\left (\frac {{\left (-c\right )}^{1/4}\,x}{a^{1/4}}\right )}{2\,a^{7/4}}-\frac {1}{3\,a\,x^3}+\frac {{\left (-c\right )}^{3/4}\,\mathrm {atanh}\left (\frac {{\left (-c\right )}^{1/4}\,x}{a^{1/4}}\right )}{2\,a^{7/4}} \]
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